The wearable antenna for wireless body area network is trending in recent time. The demand for light weight wearable antennas for body area networks is increasing day by day, as an antenna is one of the main elements of wireless body area network. Communication has been established by WBAN between various devices by placing them on the human body. Different types of miniaturized microstrip patch antennas play a different important role. This paper presents a small-sized, low-profile and flexible antenna using FR-4 material as the substrate. The substrate of an antenna effects on antenna’s characteristics. The designed antenna works at a 2.4 GHz operating frequency and offers less than -10 dB of return loss. The proposed antenna is designed for the purpose of achieving a low human body SAR model and suggested for the continuous monitoring of vital human signs such as blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature utilizing wireless body area network. The results of the simulation show that the antenna has 2.2 dB gain, 5.4 directivity, -46.05 dB return loss, 95.8 MHz Bandwidth. This antenna has a low profile, low weight, low cost for WBAN application. The parameters such as VSWR, return loss, directivity, and gain of U shape slotted antenna are analyzed using CST software. This flexible and compact antenna is more suitable for various applications, specifically for wireless body area network application.

The IOT is the large-scale diversification of internet association connectivity to perpetuity relating the surfeit of physical devices and day to day objects revolving hardware’s, internet connectivity, Arduino coding, WIFI modules, sensors, monitoring and control system, etc. Internet sets out as a means for communication for these devices and volleyed accordingly.  The project is riveted on the automatic lightening system with the “ON” and “OFF” of lights spectrum , with the sensors (PIR) that detects the human existence in the domestic and delivers information about  the number of   folks in the room  , moreover the user can choose the intensity of the light  itself , also the database is created for the same . Also! If the human leave. On barging past consciously, it’ll   be taken care of to switch off the lights. The main aim is to create awareness for the user to keep in account the usage and consumption of energy. To lay emphasize on the LED bulbs in smart home automation. Embracing the latest era of connectivity in the realm of technology.

In today’s era we see almost all the families around us are owners of an automobile, and with the fact that any machine needs a proper maintenance strategy we have observed the strategies being used for the automobiles. Maintenance strategy being used in automotive industry is normally a reaction to mishap to the vehicle that results in reduction of lifetime of vehicle and also loss of money in life. Almost maximum families use cars as their primary choice of transportation, but not all can afford higher end cars with world class facilities, so we aim to make a device that continuously detects the functioning of     the cars and provide details of it to the owners on their mobile application (at an affordable price). This will not only detect the conditions of the car but also highlight the parts that require maintenance and ensure safety of both the car and its owner. The details of the car will be provided in the efficient and effective manner with the help of data and bar graphs. At this stage we feel the need of proactive maintenance to keep the details of the car up to date with us. Cars needs effective and strategical maintenance as they have complex structure so to improve their performance their servicing needs to be done smartly and efficiently.  Now our work of proactive maintenance uses the interfacing of the hardware and software using sensors and android application to give a daily report of the vehicle to its owner so that they can take care of their vehicles according to it. It helps in cost cutting and as well as hassle free maintenance.

The antenna plays a key role in the wireless communication. The concept of dual mode band stop filter based on DNG using the Left Handed Meta materials is proposed which having the negative permeability and permittivity. These materials have a special unique property “negative refraction” and it is able to support the backward waves. In this paper LH Miniaturized Microstrip filter is presented. The LH filter has characteristic of narrow fractional bandwidth and reduced size in comparison to conventional one. The proposed filter physically implemented on top of a FR/4 ‘Glass/Epoxy’ substrate which having the Dielectric constant (ε_r) is 4.4. The substrate thickness is 1.6 mm and having the Loss tangent of 0.02 using the conventional fabrication process. The frequency band is lie between 1.5 to 1.7 GHz. It gives the good results. There is reduction in the size of filter because there is no periodic structure is used that was used in SRR, CSRR and IDCLLR. The proposed design is five times smaller than the conventional one.

Search of sustainable energy resources is continued from the decades. The industrialization growth in various domains and socio-economic developments created huge demand of electrical power while the conventional resources are shrinking. This opens doors for research and developments in renewable energy resources such as, Solar, Wind, Hydro and Geothermal Energy sectors. Among these energy solar energy emerged as one of the sustainable energy resource. This research work targeted to improve the efficiency of thin film flexible Copper Indium Gallium Di-Selenide abbreviated as CIGS cell through optimization of buffer layer parameters. The proposed model used zinc sulphide (ZnS) as a potential buffer layer to make the solar cell free from toxic Cadmium (CdS) sulphide. Further the doping profile and width of buffer layers are investigated along with corresponding change in energy states and electrical permittivity of the material. The complete solar cell model is simulated using MATLAB scripting and SCAPS model. the results are compared with the existing result of CdS-CIGS. The ZnS-CIGS model is simulated with variation in thickness of buffer layer and optimized material parameters are determined.

This paper presents a model for effect of fringing fields on the radius of Circular Micro Strip Antenna (CMSA).  The model is straight forward, simple and accurate for determining the physical radius of the circular patch. It is proposed that the extension in physical radius of CMSA is directly proportional to the physical radius itself and also to the normalized thickness of the dielectric substrate. The new model gives good results without any iteration. Novel results are that for all CMSA(1) the ratio of extension in physical radius to physical radius is equal to H(2) ratio of fringing field area to physical area of the patch is 2H(3) ratio of extension in physical radius to the height of the substrate is a constant A_nm/2π. Here H is the normalized substrate thickness. Normalization is done with respect to guide wavelength. Anm is the mth zero of the derivative of the Bessel function of the order n. Large number of CMSA have been designed and simulated to validate the new thinking. Some typical data and simulation results have been incorporated in this paper.

The in-depth exploration in the era of fifth generation (5G) witreless network technology is a sign of technical revolution to joint up with the demands and requirements for very fast speed communication and applications which are based on Internet of Thing (IoT) as well.  IoT devices and the mobile phone technology supports the 5G technology to invent with distinct facilities like the smart city, smart building and many more that will need an antenna with 5th Generation technology, with reduced latency, minimum path loss and steady pattern of radiation. This paper provides a deep study of various characteristics of all the wireless generations with their salient characteristics along with 5G technology.

Organic Solar Cell is the third-generation technology in the field of photovoltaic and a great achievement in usage of renewable energy in such an efficient and reliable manner. This technology seeks to provide energy at a lower cost than that provided by first and second generation solar cell technologies. Although organic photovoltaic have achieved efficiencies close to 11%, performance limitations and long-term durability continue to be major barriers. It will also highlight the future research challenges. In organic solar cell there is low consumption of material per area which results in easy processing of organic semiconductor offering a huge potential for low cost large area solar cells. From a recent search by the researchers it is being observed that increases in efficiency can be achieved by using luminescent acceptor molecules. According to them, the wavelength at which the sunlight is absorbed can be ‘adjusted’ via the macro-modules used. For example, an office window coated with organic solar cells that absorb the red and infrared spectrum will not only screen out thermal radiation but at the same time will generate electricity. Hence the future research should concentrate on preventing the exciton from decaying which means increase its excitation lifetime. Excitons can decay by emitting light (luminescence) or heat. Multijunction cells are a way to achieve the efficiencies needed. Thin film PV technologies provide numerous ways to reduce manufacturing cost by using high-throughput manufacturing paradigms that don’t require handling of individual silicon wafers. Despite the success of entrenched thin-film PV technologies, organic PV cells attract attention because the electronic and optical properties of organic materials can be changed by altering the molecular structure of the materials.

Therefore here in this article we will emphasise on the efficiency and stability rate as well as how can we get high-throughput by using various organic materials together and what are its atmospheric processing.

Communication technologies steer by evolution shift need wireless organization to maneuver in reference to multi-function and high potency. Therefore, analysis development on reconfigurable antenna for swap electrical parameters in synchronous as per demand in suits operating state of antenna at any given time. Characteristics and basic properties with single and multiple reconfigurability modes area units investigated. Reconfigurable antennas square measure plan supported parameters like frequency, polarization and radiation.  If associate antenna be reconfigurable into many nations need range of active parts. The long-established multi-antennas square measure replaced by a 1 and distinctive antenna. During this paper describe a frequency and polarization plan antenna understand by switch calibration with frequency switches, PIN diode or MEMS frequency switches and structure, that’s mainly applicable in multi and single band spring matrix internet and understand amusing operate in between left and right orientated circular polarization in communication system.

The reconfiguration in the dense wavelength division multiplexed transmission of 64 channels spaced on 100 GHz channel spacing using digital switches is demonstrated. The system performance has been demonstrated by changing the power of input signal from 0 dBm to -20 dBm and data rate from 20 Gbps to 40 Gbps. Transmission over 180 km distance at 40 Gbps data rate with -10 dBm input power is achieved. The behavior of the system is also analyzed by varying the attenuation from 0 dB to 30 dB of reconfigurable optical add drop multiplexer. The results have been reported for the DWDM system at the 193.1 THz (Ist channel) and 199.5 THz (64 channel) in terms of OSNR, Q-factor and BER.

To keep track of agronomic and environmental variables, UAV’s have displayed a tremendous  capabilities by capturing pictures at High spatial resolution. Ground-control-points (GCPs) must have to obtain to make sure the precision of the mosaicking process. This study was put through into wheat field naturally overspread by grass leaves and big-leaved at large initial phenological level. UAV flying at altitudes of 30 to 100 m and using a large number of GCPs (15 to 60) , ultra-high spatial resolution ortho-images is able to give rise to ultra- high spatial resolution ortho-images can be generated with the geo-referencing precision necessary to map small weeds in the field of wheat at very initial phenological stage. 1 acre field was divided into 4 sub-fields equally, 15 GCP's of different colour configurations were placed in each 4 sub fields providing a precise percentage of weeds in each sub fields detected using UAV. The outcome of the weed detection would give out the exact usage of the pesticide as per the weed detected (%) in each 4-sub field rather than, spraying the pesticide on the whole entire field.

A breast model has been proposed in this paper. The model is designed on CST Microwave studio. The outer layer is skin, then fat layer and then breast tissue layer is made of different dielectric constant materials. The tumor is taken as a sphere which is placed inside the breast at different positions for detection purpose. A novel antenna to detect breast cancer tumor is also proposed in this paper. The UWB antenna is designed in the frequency range 3.3-10.6 GHz.  The antenna shows a return loss S11 less than -10 dB for the UWB frequency range and a maximum gain of 3.49 dB in this range. The designed UWB antennas can be placed on both sides of breast model such that the signal scattered by the breast tumor can be detected by the receiving antenna. The overall size of antenna is 20X30 mm² and designed on FR4 substrate

RF MEMS switching devices are very important for reconfigurable antenna signal and its paths. This paper presents the review study of four different reconfigurable antenna that employs RF Micro-Electro- Mechanical Systems (RF MEMS) technology simultaneously with bandwidth enhancement techniques.

The RF MEMS switch can operate at 0.1-40GHz frequency range. The thickness of cantilever, gap of electrodes are some parameter of switches by varying these parameters the performance of switches can changed. Every design is fabricated and compare with simulated one. The simulation and measured result shows the good degree of agreement. The parameter comparison is also done in this paper.