Abstract— This paper has proposed a hybrid approach by combining the Gabor filter and a Discrete Cosine Transform. Face recognition systems can use in authentication, human-computer interaction, surveillance, and lots of applications. These application users have demanded that a higher accuracy, more efficient, low-cost, and low-calculation time for the facial recognition system. The research issue in image recognition is to maximize recognition accuracy by improving the pre-processing of face-set images, developing the method of extraction of faces, as well as using the most effective face classifier. Feature extraction is an important step that can influence the accuracy of the recognition system. The advantage of the Gabor filter is that it may calculate a large number of features by projection in various directions and sizes. The problem with the Gabor filter is that it has a high dimension and high redundancy and that can be minimized by certain filtering and sampling techniques. In the proposed process, the Gabor features have been filtered by the sampling filtration and the Discrete Cosine Transform extracts the low-frequency features of the Gabor filter sampled. Then assign the obtained optimum features to the SVM classifier. The ORL face dataset has used for the experiment. The accuracy of the facial recognition method is 96 percent (verified by using 5-fold cross-validation).

Transmission expansion planning problem is a crit¬ical issue in power system due to competitive business environ¬ment and escalating power demand. Power system is expanding with every passing day from both generation and distribution side. However, for matching the demand, expansion plan of transmission network has been addressed in previous researches. This paper presents comparative analysis of recently published application of swarm algorithms for carrying out the expansion plan of a power network. These algorithms are namely Crow Search Algorithm (CSA), Moth Flame Optimization Algorithm (MFO), Artificial Bee colony Algorithm (ABC), Teaching Learn¬ing Based Optimization Algorithm (TLBO), Grey Wolf Algorithm (GWO) and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). These algorithms are tested on two different power networks and a decisive evaluation of the optimization performance of algorithms are carried out. It has been observed that performance of CSA is found superior to other algorithms.

In the modern power system, the power quality issues are prominent. For dealing with power quality issues, harmonic mitigation technologies are inevitable. Hence, design of Harmonic Estimator has become more important aspect because power quality is directly related to customer satisfaction and electricity tariffs. Nature-inspired algorithms have been applied by researchers to develop harmonic estimators. In this paper, harmonic phase and amplitude components are estimated by Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Teaching- Learning Based Opti­mization (TLBO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA), Moth Flame Optimizer (MFO), and Atom Search Optimization (ASO). All the mentioned algorithms are tested on the two standard design problems and comparative analysis of the optimization performance of these algorithms is presented.

The renewable energy sector has the ability to provide solutions to the persistent power problems facing developing countries. Various renewable energy sources are used to solve the power shortage problem in India. In recent years, the amount of power generation has increased dramatically but the industry is promising for domestic organizations, distribution networks and transmission networks, and the financial situation is slow and influential. India has 450,000 kilowatts of hydroelectric power and the installed capacity of wind power is 230,000 kilowatts, but there is almost no level of renewable energy power generation. Therefore, India has a high level in this field [1]. The goal is to 100 GW of renewable energy. Operational efficiency improvement methods have been portrayed about using gainful decision of Maximum Power Point Tracking computation for variable irradiance and variable temperature condition [2]. Basic improvement in yield and minimization of losses was practiced using simulation and strategy simulation stage using proposed reasoning. The aim of this work is to made logical model for diode corresponding photovoltaic system in MATLAB programming and analyzed the characteristics. Model of system related solar photovoltaic system was made using partial shading and variable irradiance condition. The Maximum Power Point Tracking point following is done by consistent conductance, pester and onlooker and improved PSO (atom swarm optimization) strategy has been executed in MATLAB.

The temperature at which the PV array functions acts as a pivotal role in the PV (photovoltaic) energy transformation process. Efficiency and Output of a PV Array do not deviate from (operating temperature). Photo Voltaic cell or PV cell exhibits a different behavior with a slight increase in temperature, accountable for the surge in internal carrier recombination rate, as carrier concentrations increased by a length. Numerous interdependent relationships suggested in composition depict clarification for equations which can be claimed for installation of PV Arrays, free-standing structures, PV thermal Collectors to building-integrated PV Arrays, respectively.

Techniques for pulse width modulation (PWM) have been the focus of several years of research work. Detailed observations made about the effectiveness of the different alternatives. In terms of harmonics based on overall research, the natural and asymmetrical PWM with the third harmonic injection technique gives the best results. Even at different topologies of modulation, these methods have several benefits for higher values of modulation ratio. Here,  for generating gate pulses of voltage source inverter, the third harmonic injection-based PWM approach has been used.  A controller (which can detect the lower order harmonics reflects in the system output) connected to the inverter. It can also inject the required system harmonics.

The objective of this paper is to develop fuzzy logic controller techniques to improve power system stability power factor and voltage. In these, we are using ES ‘Electric Spring’ which called as smart gird device which used to dispatch Real and Imaginary power in the system which is connected between the Gird and Load or demand and supply. Fuzzy optimization techniques compared with other conventional technologies and adopted best results. The damping controller is designed by using the fuzzy logic controller. The main conclusions have been drawn on the suitability of the optimization technique. This control system also provides an opportunity for better usage of Electric Spring thereby improving Quality Voltage and Quality Power along with Renewable Energy Microgrid.

Electricity is the major & predominant source of energy in today’s perspective. With the advent of technology & increase in buying capacity of household’s, the usage of Heavy Electric Load’s such as Air Conditioner, Hooters, Washing Machines have seen a drastic rise. Also, unlike industrial loads are much heavier, they run in a fixed pattern & generally load is balanced across   all three phases & are seldom non-linear. Also, proliferation of electronic equipment has increased the Non-Linear load such as SMPS, which have rectifier component in line, & introduction of Inverter Technology for Ac’s & Washing Machines, despite saving energy, has created severe concern of harmonic / high frequency noise introduction in Power System. The proposed system intends to implement a Shunt Active Power Filter using PI (Proportional Integral) Technique that can cater to power system harmonic & noise introduced by Non-Linear Load, Unbalanced Load & Mixed Load.

Increasing energy demands world over, depleting conventional fuel resources, rising in the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming and climate change are posing challenges to the existence of human population. These environmental concerns are forcing every nation to make their fossil fueled energy systems more efficient, reduce emissions of green house gases, conserve conventional fuels by making extensive use of renewable and other non-polluting energy resources. The existing power grid should be modernized by deploying smart devices, modern communication systems, fast computational techniques to reduce energy losses and incentivize generating companies to feed clean energy into the grid from non-polluting and renewable sources of energy for sustainability and to reduce carbon emissions, which will not only arrest climate change but also reverse it which is very essential for the survival of human race.

Renewable energy resources such as solar energy are essential to play an important role to increase the energy production share. However, solar energy is available for limited hours and that also having variations in its intensity. Therefore, thermal energy storage is essential to accommodate within solar thermal systems for consistency in operation. High energy storage density and proper heat transfer are essential requirements from thermal energy storage. Latent thermal energy storage (LTES) is a preferred choice for storing thermal energy in a compact space compared to sensible thermal energy storage (STES). From the previous studies, it is reported that previously designed LTES with heat exchangers have not proven effective due to improper heat transfer because of the low heat transfer area and complicated designs. Hence, the packed bed thermal energy concept is discussed in the literature to carry out proper heat transfer and simple design.

In this presented study, a packed bed latent thermal energy storage is developed by placing PCM (Paraffin wax 58-60°C) filled within spherical shaped balls of HDPE material inside a TES of cylindrical shape. Charging and discharging loops are actualized with the help of heater and radiator with exhaust fan respectively. An experimental investigation is carried out for the analysis of the charging and discharging behaviour of the developed PBLTES. A total of 9 modes are analyzed for analyzing the charging/discharging behaviour of PBLTES developed.

For travel and agricultural purposes, the diesel engine plays a major role in various developed economies. Due to serious environmental problem and rising cost of diesel, a lot of research is going on to replace traditional energy sources. Diesel engine cannot be replace because of its efficient performance at higher power and reliability with alternative engines. For this purpose, detailed experiments were conducted with different sets of diesel–diethyl ether–2–methoxy ethyl ether. Diethyl ether and 2–Methoxy ethyl ether were selected as additives on the basis of literature review, physical and chemical properties, availability in the market and cost. The experiments were performed with pure diesel and diesel–diethyl ether–2–methoxy ethyl ether blends with different blend ratio.

Mixing of 5% DEE and 5% MXEE with 90% diesel on volume basis (D90–DEE5–MXEE5) showed optimum results of emission and performance. By comparison of mixture D90–DEE5–MXEE5 with diesel (at standard engine conditions), Low exhaust emissions (HC 63.15 %, CO 60.00 % and Smoke 18.29 %) found to be significant at peak loads and performance enhancement (decrement in BSFC 5.00 % and increment in BTE 3.00 %). However NOx increases (2.60%).

The present work aims to reduce the cost of energy for a residential building using a computer based analytical software. For analysis purpose many steps has been taken and investigated to reduce the energy consumption in the house hold, especially the segments that consume more energy. Detailed numerical analysis has been done for estimating the amount of savings in power demand and resulting paybacks period of these significant power saving steps. Following segments or power saving steps are investigated in the present study for a residential house situated in Jaipur, Rajasthan. Illumination: Replacing conventional incandescent bulbs by Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights, Electronic appliances: Replacing some old appliances such as refrigerators by high star rated appliances, Heating Ventilation and Air conditioning (HVAC): Effect of installing thermal insulation on power consumption by HVAC System, Hot water uses: Effect of replacing electric geysers by solar water heaters in the house. It has been concluded that about 59 % of reduction in electricity bill has been achieved by implementing affordable energy saving steps. This study is useful for every family in India. It has been found that from total amount of reduction in electricity bill about 35 % has been achieved by thermal insulation only.

In the present study the surfactant based cleaning and water based cleaning systems have been fabricated and both systems were compared with system without washing. The experimental investigations are done in the month of March, April and May (from 4th March to 1st June) to analyze the performance enhancement. The surfactant and water based system contains manual cleaning by mixing surfactant in water. Power and efficiency were compared.

The rise in the domestic and industrial applications of granite and float glass which are hard and brittle is forcing manufacturing engineering to develop their precise and cost-effective machining techniques. These materials are used mainly in buildings, decorations, arts and optics industries which require a perfect surface finish and dimensional accuracies. Rotary ultrasonic face milling (RUFM) is preferred among all non-conventional machines for surface grinding. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of process parameters on RUFM on float glass and red granite. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to find significant factors and determine interaction effects as well. Both the materials were compared for material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) as response variables. In addition, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) was used for qualitative tool wear analyses and comparison between both materials after milling. The experimental results show that the MRR and SR during RUFM increase with all input parameters. Also, the process parameters have a significant effect on output responses. It was concluded that RUFM can successfully be used for brittle and hard material to obtain a micro-level surface finish with a normal material removal rate. In addition, it is surmised that more hardness of work material reduces the tool life.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of single step rib on the thermal hydraulic performance of rectangular duct solar air heater. In present study single step rib has been used to investigate the thermal hydraulic performance by varying various input parameters such as pitch of rib, angle of attack, and Reynolds number using CFD as a tool. However, CFD results have also been validated with experimental work. A rectangular duct has been designed as per ASHARE standards and experiments are performed for smooth plate and then validated with CFD results. The ratio of Nusselt number for artificially roughened plate to the Nusselt number for smooth plate is also calculated in present study. The maximum ratio is achieved at Re = 15000, for pitch=30 mm and AOA= 15°, which is 3.54. However, the thermal hydraulic performance parameter was reported to be maximum, corresponding to Re = 15000, p = 30 mm and AOA = 15°, which is 2.91.