Distribution and estimation of effort remains a decisive parameter in the success of every system engineering project. In case, when the system being developed is a software, this parameter becomes more critical as the number of factors to be included becomes outsized. Due to this, the precision and scheduling of effort estimation, heavily determines the failure or success of the software development projects [1], [2]. To tackle this challenge, various software development methodologies are adopted time to time, specific to the needs and priorities of software to be developed. Scrum is the most successfully practiced flavor of Agile
development methodology in commercial software development, academics and other industries of multiple spheres. In spite of all the flexibility and uniqueness available in scrum, effort distribution still remains a constant area of research. This paper proposes an empirical approach of effort distribution in scrum framework, based upon the number and expertise of team members involved in the project. Our effort distribution criterion distinctively prioritizes the number of tasks to be executed by every member of a scrum team .

Emotions are strong feeling deriving from one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others. It involves feelings, experience, physiology, behavior, cognitions and conceptualization. Recognizing user's emotions is a major challenge for both humans and machines. Emotion detection task is very important as it can be used in domains such as software engineering, website customization, education, and gaming. Emotion detection task can be categorized into machine learning, lexical and hybrid approaches. Lexical method uses anonym and synonym of words that are directly describing basic Emotion. If any input text is applied then the word of text will be thoroughly scanned and are matched from the set of word present in the database. Machine Learning-based methods try to recognize emotions based on a previous trained classifier, which map with various machine learning classifiers to detect which emotion category, the input text belongs. In Hybrid methods, emotions are detected by using the combination of emotional keyword and learning patterns collected from training sets in addition to the information of different sciences like Human Psychology. This paper discusses the Machine Learning, lexical and Hybrid Based techniques, which are being
used for emotion detection .

Shunt Capacitors in power systems are generally used for reactive power compensation. The optimal location ofcapacitors plays a vital role for reducing real power losses in distribution system. This paper considers the problem of optimal allocation and sizing of capacitors in a radial distribution network. A power loss  sensitivity technique is used to determine the optimal location and sizing of capacitors in distribution system. The objective function is formulated to reduce real power losses and to improve voltage profile of the system. The performance of the proposed method has been tested on IEEE 69- bus standard system. Test results are also compared with other optimization techniques and found that the proposed method is more effective and has higher capability in finding optimum solution .

Electrical load forecasting is a central and integral process for planning periodical operation and expansion of facilities in power system. Load demand patterns are getting complex with every passing day due to the  deregulation of  electricity markets. To develop a regression model which can map input and output variables in such a dynamic scenario is not easy. This paper presents an application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in the load forecasting of a large distribution network. Different models of ANNs are developed with the help of PCA based feature selection. Efficacy of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of error indices namely Mean Square Error (MSE), Minimum Average Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE).

With the growing traffic demands Mixed Line Rate (MLR) WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) provides different bandwidths by using different modulation types. In this paper, a new simple routing algorithm is proposed by monitoring the dynamic traffic of a network using Poisson random traffic model .The proposed work can be achieved by finding the best possible shortest path between source and destination node and adjusting the number of light paths. Adjustments employ addition or deletion of light paths according to traffic load at any time. Simulation results demonstrate the total number of lightpaths used total number of addition/deletion of light paths and shows the comparison between single line rate (SLR) and mixed line rate (MLR).

Wireless communication system are being used for a number of applications nowadays and for that, a number of antennas or a single antenna with multiple functional capabilities has become inevitable. This paper attempts to design a frequency
as well as pattern reconfigurable with single rectangular spiral microstrip patch antenna using electrical reconfiguration method. Designed antenna has ability to switch its frequency band and accordingly its pattern is also switch in right side from the main beam direction near 50°, by using pin diode as a switch. Two cases are being taken into account. The first case; when switch is OFF, it gives results in an operation at 1.77 GHz with radiation pattern in elevation plane with θ = 0° and having gain is equal to 4.92 dB and the second case; when switch is ON, it offer operations at 2.47 GHz with radiation pattern in elevation plane with θ = 50° in right side from the main beam direction with gain 5 dB. This concept helps to reduce the antenna size, cost, and gives more flexibility for a equipment to be operated in different modes. It has advantages of ability to detect target signal, filter out interference signal, and power saving.

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Al-Se-Cu thin film was prepared on a glass substrate by thermal evaporation at a pressure of 10-5 torr using  vacuum coating unit. Three layers of different material were deposited on Glass substrate. I layer is  Aluminum,II Layer is Selenium and III layer is Cu. Thickness of film is about ~200 nm. We propose to study the V- I Characteristics of this film, the effect described without any external voltage being applied to the actual PN junction resulting in the junction being in a state of equilibrium. However, if we have to make electrical connections at the ends of both the N-type and the P-type materials and then connect them to a battery source, an additional energy source now exists to overcome the potential barrier. Al-Se-Cu film resulting diode's forward current is found to be controlled by majority carrier tunnelling and negative differential resistance starts appearing which results maximum transition of electrons and results in decrease in current up to valley point (4-5 V)of I-V curve and negative differential resistance observed is - 0.64 x 10⁷ ohms. This represents RTD (Resonant tunnelling diode) Structure.

Tellurium (Te) thin films of various thickness (200nm,275nm, 350nm & 500nm) were prepared on Silicon (Si) substrate by thermal evaporation method under the vacuum of about 10^-5 torr using vacuum coating unit. It is observed that the
resistivity decreases exponentially with the Increasing  Temperature. A direct band gap between 0.368 eV to 0.395 eV is obtained at different temperatures with Four Probe Method which shows that when we increase the thickness of material the
band gap will decreases. It is also observed that voltage decreases with the increasing the temperature using four probe method. Samples were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to obtain comprehensive and consistent micro structural information.

Pure water requirement for the living of human on earth has been increased with the increase in the population. Most of the water available on the earth is brackish or impure which cannot be used in its present form. The solar distillation is the best technology to resolve this problem, but the low productivity of the solar still is the biggest challenge. In this review paper, several factors are discussed which enhance the productivity of solar still. From the literature, optimum water depth is found 1 cm to 2 cm, optimum glass tilt angle is found approximately equal to the latitude of that place and optimum insulation thickness for thermocol is found as 25 mm.

This paper presents the concept of cognitive maps as an effective means of modeling physical systems as well as conceptual frameworks. The basic  structure of cognitive maps is discussed by detailing the role of each of its basic constructs. System simulation using cognitive maps is also briefly discussed. Advanced variants as well as advancements pertaining to cognitive map modeling proposed by researchers over the past two decades are reviewed. A brief discussion on application areas of cognitive maps and its variants is also included. Looking at the increasing trend of applications of cognitive map modeling in the past two decades, it can be concluded that there is good potential in cognitive maps to play an important part in the developing arenas of artificial
intelligence and soft computing .

Outcome-based Education is the latest buzz-word in accreditation parlance. Accreditation is important to bestow an international status on a course. India has adopted the Washington Accord and has established the National Board of Accreditation for accreditation of the programs run by Indian universities and their affiliated institutions. The paper discusses the planning of a UG Course in Engineering and developing the course content in the form of a Course File that comprises the teaching, assessment and evaluation material. A Course File is a record of the desired course outcomes, teaching plan to attain the
desired COs, teaching material, Lesson Outcomes, the assessment methods and exercises for continuous as well as periodic assessment of attainment of Lesson Outcomes and COs, and the mid-term and end-term examinations leading to a final evaluation of the attainment of the COs. A proper course file will not only facilitate conducting the course effectively and efficiently, but will also prove the extent of attainment of the Course Outcomes that is central to the OBE theme and necessary for NBA Accreditation.

Smoke and oxides of nitrogen are the most significant emissions of the diesel engines. Fuels, which have a high oxygen content have the potential to reduce smoke and nitrogen emissions. This paper reports the results of an experimental study on the influence of blending n-butanol, an oxygenated additive, with diesel on diesel engine emissions. N-butanol is blended with diesel in different proportions namely B5 (5% n-butanol and 95% diesel), B10, B15, B20, B25 and B30 and the effects on various emission parameters are studied. Tests were performed on a single cylinder, four stroke naturally aspirated diesel engine at a constant engine speed. Experimental test results show that the emissions of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity are reduced with increasing concentration of n-butanol in diesel .